###INTRODUCTION
Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death, but despondently, the outlook and prognosis for this resistant type of tumor have remained grim for a long time. Currently, it is extremely challenging to prevent or detect it early enough for effective treatment because patients rarely exhibit symptoms and there are no reliable indicators for detection. Most patients have advanced or spreading cancer that is difficult to treat, and treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy can only slightly prolong their life by a few months. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of pancreatic cancer, yet its effectiveness is limited by the tumor’s immunosuppressive and hard-to-reach microenvironment.Pancreatic cancer comprises mostly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a persistent and recalcitrant disease , and is responsible for an estimated 50,550 deaths in the United States of America in 2023 . Diagnosis in the early stages of metastasis or late-stage is common since symptoms are often vague. The current approach for treating PDAC is standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, but it only extends overall survival (OS) by a few month.

PDAC carcinogenesis like all the solid tumors is mediated by the gradual build-up of driver mutations, such as the oncogene KRAS (G12D mutation) . and the tumor suppressor gene TP53 . These molecular modifications are accompanied by corresponding histological alterations during different stages of PDAC development .

Anurag Banerjee

University/College name : Ramkrishna Mission Vidyamandir