Biotherapeutics are treatments created from living organisms or their products, such as vaccines, antibodies, or proteins. These treatments work by using natural substances from living cells to treat diseases. Precision biotherapeutics takes this a step further by designing treatments specifically customized to each patient’s unique characteristics, including their genetic makeup and the specific type of disease they have. This approach is especially useful for complex conditions like cancer and immune disorders, where personalized treatments can target the disease more effectively and with fewer side effects. By focusing on what makes each patient and their disease unique, precision biotherapeutics offer a more customized and efficient way to treat serious health issues.

INTRODUCTION
Precision biotherapeutics utilizes advanced genetic engineering to create highly targeted treatments. These therapies are designed to address the specific genetic or cellular causes of diseases, focusing on modifying or eliminating the damaged cells or genes while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. This precision reduces side effects and significantly enhances the effectiveness of treatments.
One of the key technologies in precision biotherapeutics is gene editing, with CRISPR/Cas9 being a prominent tool. CRISPR/Cas9 allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA, correcting genetic mutations that contribute to diseases. This technology is used for treating a broad range of genetic disorders, from single-gene conditions to more complex diseases.
RNA-based therapies, such as RNA interference, are another critical advancement. These therapies use short RNA molecules to target and silence specific genes that are contributing to disease, paving the way to manage conditions by preventing the production of harmful proteins.
Cell therapies, including CAR-T cell therapy, involve modifying a patient’s immune cells to better recognize and attack disease cells, particularly in cancers. CAR-T cells are engineered to target specific cancer cell markers, enhancing the body’s ability to fight cancer. This personalized approach aims to improve outcomes and minimize adverse effects, making treatments more effective for each individual.

APPLICATIONS
Precision biotherapeutics treats many diseases by targeting the exact cause of the illness. In genetic disorders, it can fix or silence incorrect genes, helping to correct inherited problems. For cancer, it creates treatments that specifically attack cancer cells without harming healthy ones, like in CAR-T therapy. In rare diseases, which often don’t have many treatment options, it can provide personalized care based on a patient’s unique condition. For autoimmune disorders, it helps control the immune system to prevent it from attacking the body’s healthy tissues, leading to better and safer treatments.

CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS
Despite many of its advantages, precision biotherapeutics faces several challenges. Technical complexities include the difficulty of designing and delivering treatments that target specific cells or genes accurately. Regulatory frameworks can be slow and complex, making it hard to get new therapies approved and available. Accessibility and affordability are major issues, as these advanced treatments can be very expensive and may not be available to everyone who needs them. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to making precision biotherapeutics more effective, affordable, and widely accessible to patients in need.

P.SWETHA

University/College name : SRM University