The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has made carbon capture and utilization (CCU) a crucial strategy in combating climate change. Carbon capture technologies aim to remove CO₂ from industrial emissions or directly from the atmosphere and then utilize or store it, often turning it into valuable products. In recent years, several innovative approaches to CCU have emerged, which are not only environmentally beneficial but also economically promising.

1.Direct Air Capture (DAC)
Direct Air Capture (DAC) is one of the most innovative methods of capturing CO₂ directly from the atmosphere. Using chemical processes, air is passed through filters that bind to CO₂, separating it from other gases. The captured CO₂ is then compressed and can be either stored underground in geological formations or utilized in industries such as the production of synthetic fuels, plastics, or concrete. DAC holds immense potential for negative emissions, as it removes CO₂ that is already present in the atmosphere, making it a valuable tool for addressing legacy emissions. Companies such as Climeworks and Carbon Engineering are pioneers in scaling up this technology, which can help create a circular carbon economy.

2.Mineralization
Mineralization is a natural process where CO₂ reacts with minerals like magnesium or calcium silicates to form stable carbonates. This process can be accelerated and employed in industrial applications, particularly in construction. One of the most innovative uses of this approach is in the production of carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative concrete. CO₂ is injected into concrete mixtures, turning it into a permanent mineral that strengthens the material while sequestering the gas. Companies like CarbonCure are developing this technology, which could revolutionize the construction industry by reducing its massive carbon footprint.

3.Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)
BECCS integrates biomass energy production with carbon capture. Plants absorb CO₂ during growth, and when the biomass is used for energy, the emitted CO₂ is captured and stored underground. This approach not only generates renewable energy but also removes CO₂ from the atmosphere. The captured CO₂ can be further utilized in producing biofuels or for soil enhancement. BECCS is considered a carbon-negative technology, which can play a pivotal role in achieving net-zero emissions goals.

4.Electrochemical Conversion of CO₂
The electrochemical conversion of CO₂ is a highly innovative method that uses renewable electricity to transform CO₂ into valuable chemicals and fuels. Through an electrolysis process, CO₂ is converted into products like methanol, ethylene, or formic acid, which can be used in the chemical industry or as sustainable fuels. This approach not only captures CO₂ but also provides an alternative to petroleum-based chemicals. By coupling this technology with renewable energy sources like solar or wind power, it has the potential to offer a sustainable, low-carbon manufacturing process.

5.Artificial Photosynthesis
Artificial photosynthesis mimics the natural process by which plants use sunlight to convert CO₂ and water into oxygen and organic compounds. In this technology, solar energy is used to split water molecules, and the resulting hydrogen is combined with CO₂ to create synthetic fuels, such as methane or liquid hydrocarbons. These solar fuels could serve as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Although still in its experimental stages, artificial photosynthesis has the potential to become a key technology for both carbon capture and the production of clean energy.

6.Microalgae Cultivation
Microalgae cultivation is another innovative method of capturing CO₂ through biological processes. Microalgae are highly efficient at converting CO₂ into biomass through photosynthesis, and this biomass can be used to produce biofuels, pharmaceuticals, or even food products. Algae farms can be integrated with industrial plants to absorb their CO₂ emissions, making this a versatile approach to both carbon capture and resource generation. The fast growth rate of algae and its ability to thrive in diverse environments make it a promising solution for sustainable CO₂ utilization.

7.Carbon Nanomaterials
The development of carbon nanomaterials from captured CO₂ is an emerging field with significant potential. Carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have exceptional properties that make them valuable in electronics, energy storage, and construction. These materials can be synthesized using CO₂ as a carbon source, turning a harmful greenhouse gas into a resource for advanced technologies. This approach not only helps mitigate CO₂ emissions but also contributes to the development of new materials for a range of industries.

Conclusion
Innovative carbon capture and utilization technologies are vital for addressing the growing challenge of climate change. By transforming CO₂ into valuable products such as fuels, chemicals, building materials, and even food, these methods offer a sustainable path toward a low-carbon future. From direct air capture to artificial photosynthesis, each approach represents a significant step toward reducing global emissions while creating new economic opportunities. The combination of technological innovation, renewable energy, and carbon utilization will be crucial in achieving the global climate targets necessary for a sustainable future.

Bikash Mahto

University/College name : Central university of Haryana