Introduction
Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems that play a vital role in carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Mangrove ecosystems, are an integral component of the larger Blue Carbon Ecosystems with Salt Marsh and Seagrass communities. These ecosystems, which encompass a diverse range of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs, are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Despite covering only 0.1% of the Earth’s land surface, mangroves are immensely valuable, providing a multitude of ecosystem services, including coastal protection, habitat for aquatic species, and significant carbon storage capabilities (Macreadie et al., 2019; Nellemann et al., 2009). The ecological significance of mangroves extends to their ability to provide habitat for numerous species, enhance water quality through filtration, and protect coastlines from erosion and storm surges. These unique coastal forests, found in tropical and subtropical regions, are vital for the livelihoods of millions of people while providing unparalleled ecological services. As the world grapples with climate change and biodiversity loss, effective mangrove management becomes imperative, particularly in enhancing their capacity for carbon sequestration. Mangroves also support local economies by sustaining fisheries, providing resources such as timber and fuelwood, and facilitating ecotourism. They are particularly significant for coastal communities, where they serve as the first line of defense against natural disasters. However, the degradation of mangrove ecosystems not only threatens biodiversity and local livelihoods but also exacerbates climate change by releasing stored carbon back into the atmosphere. Therefore, enhancing carbon sequestration through effective mangrove management is critical for both ecological sustainability and climate mitigation. Despite their significance, mangroves are under threat, with over half of the world’s mangrove cover lost to degradation and deforestation. This essay explores the significance of mangrove management in enhancing carbon sequestration through the sustainable utilization of ecological assets.

The Importance of Mangroves in Carbon Sequestration
Mangroves are recognized as one of the most effective biological systems for carbon capture. They sequester carbon at rates up to four times higher than those of terrestrial forests (Spalding & Leal, 2021). The unique morphology of mangrove trees, with their extensive root systems, allows them to trap sediments and organic matter, which contributes to the long-term storage of carbon in their biomass and soil (Goldberg et al., 2020). Globally, mangroves are estimated to store approximately 22 gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2), making them essential in combating climate change (Spalding & Leal, 2022). Mangroves are C3 plants that exhibit relatively better water use efficiency and salt exclusion capabilities that enables them to maintain carbon assimilation and growth in hypersaline and humid environments (M. C. Ball & Pidsley, 1995; M.C. Ball, 1986; Marilyn C. Ball, 1988). Resisting the harshness of the sea, efficient carbon sequestration and longevity of carbon deposits (McLeod et al., 2011), support to aquatic breeding, etc. are a few key services that make them unique.
When compared with global forests like boreal, temperate and tropical, mangroves store a significantly higher amount of carbon in their ecosystems. Major proportion of carbon sequestered by mangroves is stored as below ground biomass where it is decomposed and degraded, primarily by the associated microflora over time and converted to peat that is ultimately mixed with the soil (Alongi, 2012; Donato et al., 2011). Tidal inundations can erode much of the coastal soil if not held by these coastal vegetations thereby reducing the remineralisation of carbon sediments. Older mangrove forests exhibit a high rate of carbon fixation (Alongi, 2002). In young mangrove forests, the rates of soil carbon accumulation are positive and carbon burial increases with time (Lunstrum & Chen, 2014). Such ecological roles make them a reservoir for carbon storage, generally referred as carbon stock wherein various carbon pools like above ground (AG), below ground (BG), leaf litter, deadwood etc. contribute in varying proportions.

The Current State of Mangrove Ecosystems
Despite their importance, mangrove ecosystems are under threat due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices. It is estimated that over half of the world’s mangroves have been lost in the past century, primarily due to conversion for shrimp farming, agriculture, and coastal development (FAO, 2007). Between 1980 and 2005, approximately 20% of mangrove forests were lost globally, predominantly due to such human activities. Natural drivers, such as rising sea levels and increased storm frequency due to climate change, further exacerbate the situation (FAO, 2007). The compounded effects of these threats have resulted in a significant decline in mangrove health, jeopardizing their role as carbon sinks. The loss of these ecosystems not only undermines their carbon sequestration potential but also exacerbates the impacts of climate change, including increased flooding and loss of biodiversity (Menéndez et al., 2020).
Mismanaged and unplanned land use change for urban settlements, infrastructure projects, industries etc. are some of the major reasons in the loss of mangrove cover over the years (Daniel M. Alongi, 2002). World-over, the distribution and expanse of mangrove forests has been consistently declining in past decades at about 1-2% every year and this decline has a positive correlation with the increasing human population. Mangroves associated with the growing cities face the maximum burden due to human settlements and related anthropogenic activities (Duke et al., 2007). Rise in the sea-bed levels is also a potential threat to the prosperity of the ecosystem (Parry et al., 2007). Such a loss is not only detrimental for the forest and its co-dependents, but also impacts the biospheric carbon balance by increase in CO2 emission (Kauffman et al., 2014; Pendleton et al., 2012). While loss of species and reducing biodiversity pose a threat towards complete loss of such ecosystems and related ecosystem services (Polidoro et al., 2010), retaining the dominant species and the functional diversity can enhance the stored carbon within the ecosystem (Rahman et al., 2021).

The Need for Carbon Sequestration
Climate Change has been a buzzword in past two decades and is evermore concerning due to increase in the CO2 emissions worldwide especially because of rapid industrialization. CO2 is well known for its role as a green house gas that can trap and release the heat within the earth’s atmosphere. Reduction of CO2 emissions is one commitment that most nations have agreed upon and are implementing energy related programs and schemes, so that the CO2 contributed by combustion of fossil fuel can be controlled, but reducing emissions itself cannot be the only strategy when there are other contributing factors like land use change, deforestation, forest fragmentation, and increased anthropogenic intrusion etc. Fossil fuel emissions in 2021 alone stood at 9.9±0.5 GtC yr−1 (36.3±1.8 GtCO2 yr−1) which are expected to grow by a percent in consecutive years (Friedlingstein et al., 2022). Explorations for efficient CO2 sequestration mechanisms can help in addressing the current global challenges of climate change.
Growing CO2 levels pose a huge burden on the atmosphere even when the oceans sequester a huge portion of this emitted gas. Conversion of CO2 into carbonates in the oceans help sequester carbon in good proportions hand in hand creating a significant load of carbonates in the oceans thereby increasing the oceanic volume. Also the buffering capacity of water reverses the CO2 flux to the atmosphere (Pichon & Islands, 1995). Thus, carbon sequestration strategies need some lasting solutions that do not disturb the biosphere balance but specifically increase the shelf life of the trapped carbon (CO2). One such strategy could be the conservation and afforestation of mangroves as they are efficient carbon sinks that offer long term storage of carbon close to a millennium or more (Atwood et al., 2017; Bhomia et al., 2016; Taillardat et al., 2018).

The Role of Mangrove Management in Enhancing Carbon Sequestration
Effective mangrove management encompasses a range of practices aimed at the sustainable use and conservation of mangrove ecosystems. By implementing strategies that enhance the resilience and health of these ecosystems, it is possible to improve their carbon sequestration capabilities.

1. Protection of Existing Mangrove Ecosystems

The first step in improving carbon sequestration is to halt the loss of existing mangrove forests. This can be achieved through various protective measures, including:
• Designating Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establishing MPAs that include mangrove ecosystems ensures their protection from destructive activities. Effective management of these areas can preserve the ecological integrity of mangroves while allowing for sustainable use of resources.
• Strengthening Land Tenure Rights: Empowering local communities by formalizing land tenure rights can incentivize them to protect and manage mangrove ecosystems. When local populations have secure rights to their resources, they are more likely to engage in sustainable practices that benefit both the ecosystem and their livelihoods.
• Implementing Regulatory Frameworks: Governments can develop and enforce policies that limit activities harmful to mangroves, such as illegal logging and land conversion for agriculture. Clear regulations can deter destructive practices and foster conservation efforts.

2. Restoration of Degraded Mangroves
Restoration is a critical component of mangrove management. Degraded mangrove areas can be rehabilitated through replanting native species, which helps to restore ecosystem functions and enhance carbon storage (Goldberg et al., 2020). For example, projects in regions like the Saloum Delta in Senegal have successfully restored mangroves while simultaneously promoting sustainable aquaculture practices, illustrating the potential for integrated approaches (Earth Security, 2022).
• Replanting Native Species: Restoration efforts should focus on replanting native mangrove species that are well adapted to local conditions. This enhances the likelihood of survival and promotes biodiversity in the restored areas.
• Using Innovative Restoration Techniques: Incorporating techniques such as “mangrove islands,” which involve creating small, elevated patches of land for planting mangroves, can improve survival rates in areas prone to flooding.
• Monitoring and Adaptive Management: Continuous monitoring of restored areas is essential to assess their growth and carbon sequestration capacity. Adaptive management approaches allow for adjustments based on observed outcomes, ensuring the effectiveness of restoration efforts.

3. Sustainable Harvesting Practices
Sustainable harvesting practices for timber and non-timber forest products can provide economic incentives for local communities while ensuring the health of mangrove ecosystems. By promoting selective logging and the sustainable collection of resources, it is possible to maintain the structural integrity of mangrove forests, thereby supporting their role in carbon sequestration (Spalding & Leal, 2021).
The following sections outline key management strategies that can enhance carbon sequestration in mangroves.
• Sustainable Aquaculture: Implementing practices that minimize the ecological footprint of aquaculture can help protect mangrove ecosystems. For instance, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) allows for the cultivation of different species in a way that mimics natural ecosystems, thereby reducing the impact on mangroves.
• Eco-Tourism Development: Promoting eco-tourism initiatives that rely on healthy mangrove ecosystems can provide economic benefits while incentivizing conservation. Responsible tourism can raise awareness of the importance of mangroves and generate funding for conservation efforts.
• Community-Based Resource Management: Engaging local communities in the management of mangrove resources fosters stewardship and ensures that conservation efforts align with local needs. Community-led initiatives can be effective in balancing ecological and economic interests.
Financial Mechanisms for Mangrove Management
To effectively manage mangroves, innovative financial mechanisms must be employed. These can include:
1. Blue Carbon Credits
The concept of blue carbon credits has gained traction as a means to finance mangrove conservation and restoration projects. By monetizing the carbon sequestration services provided by mangroves, stakeholders can generate revenue while incentivizing the protection of these ecosystems (Mirova, Climate Asset Management, 2022). This market-based approach not only enhances funding for mangrove projects but also raises awareness about the importance of these ecosystems in climate mitigation efforts.
2. Blended Finance Models
Blended finance models combine public and private capital to de-risk investments in mangrove-related projects (Mangrove Breakthrough Financial Roadmap, 2023). Such models can attract private investors who may be hesitant to engage in projects perceived as high-risk. By providing guarantees or concessional funding, blended finance can catalyze the development of sustainable mangrove management practices.
3. Innovative Financing Mechanisms
Securing funding for mangrove management is often a challenge. Innovative financing mechanisms can help mobilize the necessary resources. These include:
• Blue Carbon Credits: Developing a market for blue carbon credits can provide financial incentives for mangrove protection and restoration. By quantifying the carbon sequestered by mangroves, stakeholders can sell credits to organizations looking to offset their emissions.
• Debt-for-Nature Swaps: This mechanism allows countries to reduce their debt in exchange for commitments to conserve natural resources, including mangroves. Such arrangements can provide much-needed funding for conservation efforts while alleviating financial burdens.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between governments, NGOs, and the private sector can pool resources and expertise for mangrove management. These partnerships can help develop sustainable business models that benefit both the environment and local communities.

The Global Policy Framework for Mangrove Management
International agreements and national policies play a significant role in shaping mangrove management efforts.
1. The Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement emphasizes the importance of preserving natural ecosystems, including mangroves, as a means of mitigating climate change. By integrating mangrove conservation into national climate action plans (NDCs), countries can demonstrate their commitment to safeguarding these vital ecosystems (Mangrove Breakthrough Financial Roadmap, 2023).
2. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
This framework aims to halt biodiversity loss and promote the sustainable use of natural resources. Its goals align closely with mangrove conservation efforts, providing a valuable policy context for enhancing the management of these ecosystems (Mangrove Breakthrough Financial Roadmap, 2023).

Challenges and Barriers to Effective Mangrove Management
Despite the numerous strategies available for enhancing carbon sequestration in mangroves, several challenges and barriers must be addressed. These include:
• Lack of Awareness and Education: Many stakeholders, including local communities and policymakers, may lack awareness of the ecological and economic benefits of mangroves. Educational initiatives are essential to inform these groups about the importance of mangrove ecosystems and the need for conservation efforts.
• Insufficient Funding: Limited financial resources hinder the implementation of effective mangrove management strategies. Securing funding from diverse sources, including public and private sectors, is critical for the success of conservation and restoration efforts.
• Policy and Governance Issues: Weak regulatory frameworks and inadequate enforcement of existing laws can undermine conservation efforts. Strengthening governance structures and ensuring accountability are necessary to create a conducive environment for effective mangrove management.
• Climate Change Impacts: The effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and increased storm frequency, pose significant challenges to mangrove ecosystems. Developing adaptive management strategies that account for these changes is essential to safeguard mangroves and their carbon sequestration capabilities.

Conclusion
Mangroves represent a critical ecological asset with the potential to significantly contribute to carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Effective management strategies that focus on restoration, sustainable harvesting, and protection of existing mangroves are essential for enhancing their carbon sequestration capabilities. Financial mechanisms, community engagement, and supportive global policies are crucial components of successful mangrove management. By recognizing and investing in the value of mangroves, we can ensure that these vital ecosystems continue to provide essential services for people and the planet. The time to act is now; safeguarding mangroves is not only an environmental imperative but also a pathway to a more sustainable and resilient future.

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Sahir Qaiyum Mansuri

University/College name : R.D. and S.H. National College, Bandra West Mumbai Affiliated to University of Mumbai